Recognition (Recognizing Text structure)
A.
Cause
and effect (Causation)
1.
The meaning of cause
and effect (causation)
Cause is why something happened. Effect is what
happened. (Sometimes the effect is listed).[1]
CAUSE-and-EFFECT (causation) – relates ideas casually;
complexity can be increased by embedded cause and effect paths and causal chains and reduced by
similarity to familiar narratives. The main ideas are organized into cause and effect parts
(e.g., directions, explanations, economic or science texts)[2]
2.
Signal question
To understand about cause and effect text, you can
try signal question like: What happened? Why did it happen? What caused it to
happen? [3]
3.
Signal
words
Cause and effect text usually uses the signal word
like : So, because, because of, since, therefore, if…then, for, reason why, as
a result, thus, effect of, for this reason, etc.
4. Example
During the past five years, the number of Americans
killed annually in car accident has climbed to more than 55,000. This needless
slaughter on streets and highways can be attributed to three general causes.
Mechanical failures, especially those related to faulty brakes and bad tires,
account for significant number of fatal accident. Environmental conditions such
as blind corners, narrow streets, heavy fogs, intermittent rain or snow
resulting in slippery roads also contribute to grisly accidents are errors for
human judgment all the way from the follies as excessive speed and drunken
driving to such momentary lapses as failure to signal a turn or a change from
one lane to another. The man behind the wheel is often his own worst enemy.[4]
B. Comparison (compare/contrast)
1. The meaning of
comparison (compare/contrast)
Comparison shows how two or more things are alike and/or how they are
different. Comparison (compare/contrast) – relates ideas by differences and/or
similarities; complexity can be increased by the number and detail of issues
compared. The main ideas are organized to provide a comparison, contrast, or
alternative view (e.g., political speech).[5]
2.
Signal
question
To understand about comparison text, you can try signal question like: What
things are being compared? In what ways are they alike? In what ways are they
different?
3. Signal
words
Comparison text usually uses the signal word like : Same
as, similar, alike, as well as, not only…but also, both, instead of, either…or,
on the other hand, different from, as opposed to, however, nevertheless,
but, in contrast, different, in the same way, in comparison, whereas, etc.[6]
4. Example
The New York Times and the New York Daily News are really quite
different. The two newspapers do not even look alike. Each page of the Times is twice the size of each page of
the News. And as a tabloid-a smaller
newspaper-the News uses many more
pictures as a way to report event. They are also different in regard to types
of stories each presents. The News is
concerned with human interest stories, many about sensational people or events.
The Times, although it does not
neglect human interest, offers more news of worldwide importance. Furthermore,
the styles of writing are not alike. The News
stresses brief, simple reporting in everyday language. The Times, on the other hand, is much more formal and detailed; its
articles take up several columns and are filled with background material and
events that may have bearing on the present story.[7]
C. Collection
1. The
meaning of collection (listing, enumeration)
COLLECTION (listing, enumeration) – relates ideas
simply by grouping them together; sometime the grouping is made explicit with
enumeration. The main idea is the grouped list (e.g., “to do list,” botany).
Collection can be used with any of the other structures; sequence is subtype of
collection. For example, groups of solutions or causes are often presented.
2. Signal
question
What items are listed?
3. Signal
words
Collection text usually uses the signal word like : and, in addition,
also, include, moreover, besides, first, second, third, etc., subsequent,
furthermore, at the same time, another , and so forth…etc.[8]
4. Example
There are several
things that I do not like about registration. First, it takes too long. The
entire process takes the average student three hours. Second, it is too
impersonal. No one knows your name, not even the counselor who stamps their
names on your registration card. Next, I do not like the atmosphere where
registration is held. The constant sound of voices is irritating and so are the
florescent lights, which make everyone look a little sick. And finally, I do
not like the way it is organized. Freshmen always get in the last;
consequently, they end up with classes at inconvenient times.[9]
D. Problem solution
1. The
meaning of problem solution
Problem solution tells about a problem (and sometimes says why
there is a problem) then gives one or more possible solutions.
PROBLEM-and-SOLUTION – relates responding ideas; complexity can be
increased by the identification of causes of the problems and ways to reduce
them. The main ideas are organized in two parts: the problem (or question) part
and the solution (or answer) part, which responds to the problem part (e.g.,
popular science articles, medical information).
2. Signal
question
To understand about problem solution text, you can try signal question
like:
What is the problem? Why is this a problem? Is anything being done to try
to solve the problem? What can be done to solve the problem?
3. Signal
words
Problem solution text usually uses the signal word like :
a. Problem: Question is…, dilemma is…, the puzzle is…, problem, trouble,
difficulty, hazard, need to prevent, threat, danger, puzzle, can hurt, not good,
bad…
b. Solution: to
satisfy the problem, ways to reduce the problem, so solve these problems,
protection from the problem,
solution, in response, recommend, suggest, reply…[10]
4. Example
In the early 1800s, the United States needed room to grow.
The problem was most people lived in the East. The cities were crowded. New
land was expensive. Young families couldn’t afford to buy farms. Then, as a
solution, the United States government purchased land from France. The
government also acquired land from Mexico. Soon the country stretched all the
way to the Pacific Ocean. People looked to the setting sun with outstretched
arms and said, “Go west!”
Settlers rode in wagons or on horses. They followed long,
dusty trails across hot plains for thousands of miles. There was no shelter.
People slept in tents on the ground. They had to watch out for wild animals
like wolves and snakes. The trip west could take months. Then a railroad was
built that stretched from the East Coast almost to the West Coast. The railroad
made travel faster. More people poured into the new lands. The settlers quickly
built small towns where the farming, fishing, and mining were good.[11]
EXERCISES
Recognize these texts and decide what
kind of the text (“Causation”, “Comparison”, “Collection”, or “Problem
Solution”) below!
1.
John wanted to buy a bike, but didn't have
enough money, so he sold a couple of video games. Then he
returned and bought the bike.
What
kind of this text? _________
2.
I have a sister named
Sally. She has many kinds of doll. Those are teddy bear, stuffed animal, rag
doll, and hand puppet. She bought those dolls in New York, United States.
What
kind of this text? __________
3.
Hannah and Hazel are twins,
but different each other. Hannah is an energetic, vigorous, and cheerful girl.
On the other hand, Hazel is a quiet and bashful person.
What
kind of this text? __________
4.
There are many reasons why people dance. Some people dance for fun, just because they
enjoy dancing. At other times, people
dance for exercise or for weight loss, because dancing can really get your
heart beating. Also, sometimes people
dance to try to get boyfriends or girlfriends.
Some people think that good dancing is attractive. There are many reasons why people dance.
What kind of this text? ___________
5. Hurricanes and tornados are both
amazing yet deadly natural phenomena.
Both generate deadly conditions, but in different ways. Tornados are likely to damage people and
property with their high winds, which go up to 300 miles per hour, but
hurricanes are generally more feared for their flooding. Also, hurricanes can produce tornados, which
make them quite dangerous indeed.
How is the text structured?
______________
6. Some people have a hard time
remembering to get their loved ones appropriate gifts on Valentine's Day. This can lead to painfully long talks about
"where the relationship stands."
Perhaps the best way to avoid these talks is by taking the moral
highroad. Instead of forgetting these holidays, choose not to celebrate them. Inform your loved one that you don't want to
buy into the materialism and commercialism of these manufactured holidays. Tell
that person that you want to have a relationship with them, not the marketers,
and that you want to celebrate your love everyday, not just one day a
year. It's a tough pitch, but if you can
make the sale then you'll be in the clear for life.
How is the text structured?
______________
7. There
are many kinds of doors, revolving doors for hotels, shops, and public
buildings. These are typical of the brisk, bustling ways of modern life. You
can imagine John Milton or William Penn skipping through a revolving door? Then
there are the curious little slatted doors that still swing outside denatured
bar-rooms and extend only from shoulder to knee. There are tapdoors, sliding
doors, stage doors, double doors, prison doors, glass doors. But the symbol and
mystery of a door resides in its quality of concealment. A glass door is not a
door at all, but a window. The meaning of a door is to hide what lies inside;
to keep the heart in suspense.
How is the text structured?
______________
8. Some people think that some holidays
celebrating love are nothing but clever ploys by marketers to get consumers to
buy candy, flowers, and stuffed animals, but who cares? In America, we celebrate two love themed
holidays: Valentine's Day and Sweetest Day.
Valentine's Day is celebrated in the winter, while Sweetest Day is
celebrated in the fall. Valentine's Day
is more focused on bringing lovers together, while Sweetest Day is for all of
the friends, relatives, and associates whose kindness we've enjoyed. Both
occasions, however, are great times to remember what's most important: the
people about whom we care.
How is the text structured?
________________
9. Ice-cream
is a delicious frozen treat that comes in a many different colors and
flavors. Two of my favorite flavors are
strawberry and chocolate. Though both of
these flavors are delicious, strawberry may contain pieces of fruit while
chocolate usually will not. Even though
more chocolate ice-cream is sold across the country annually than strawberry,
each flavor tastes great inside of a milk shake.
How
is the text structured? ___________
10. Pizza is often viewed
as a junk food, and it is true that some pizzas are high in salt, fat, and
calories, but there may also be some benefit to eating pizza. Some studies have
found that lycopene, an antioxidant that exists in tomato products that are
often used in pizza, may prevent some forms of cancer. Dr. Silvano Gallus, of
the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmaceutical Research in Milan, studied the
eating habits of people who developed cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus,
and colon. He concluded that people who
ate pizza at least once a week had significantly less chance of developing
these cancers. Here’s to your health.
How is the text
structured? _____________
11. Cooking the perfect pizza at home
can be quite a challenge. You may find that it’s difficult to get your oven to
the right temperature. If the oven is
too hot the crust will burn, become hard, and taste bad. If your oven isn’t hot enough, the crust may
get soggy. Even at the perfect
temperature, extra moisture from your ingredients may prevent the bottom of the
crust from fully cooking, but don’t let oven temperature stop you from building
the pizza of your dreams. Get yourself a pizza stone. A pizza stone will get
very hot when preheated and will allow your crust to fully cook without burning
it. Then you can pile the ingredients on
your pizza and have a crispy crust that isn’t burned. That’s the way to go.
How is the text structured?
______________
12. There are many theories about why
the dinosaurs vanished from the planet. One theory that many people believe is
that a gigantic meteorite smashed into the Earth. Scientists believe that the
meteorite was very big and that the impact may have produced a large dust cloud
that covered the Earth for many years. The dust cloud may have caused plants to
not receive sunlight and the large plant eaters, or herbivores, may have died
off, followed by the large meat eaters, or carnivores. This theory may or may not be true, but it is
one explanation as to why these giant reptiles no longer inhabit the Earth.
How is the text structured?
___________
13. World
War I was called The Great War. By great, people meant that it was
momentous or important—big, not wonderful. Many aspects of World War I were
momentous. One way World War I was momentous is that it involved big numbers.
It lasted 51 months. It involved 16 European nations, the United States,
Australia, and several other nations from Asia, North America, and South
America. Millions of people were killed. Another way World War I was momentous
is that it involved big changes. The Russian Empire became the Soviet Union.
For the first time, the United States became a major player in European
affairs. The Empire of Germany, the empire of Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman
Empire were dissolved. A third way that World War I could be considered
momentous was that it was a big tragedy. It dragged on for years while soldiers
died in trenches without gaining an inch of ground for their side.
How
is the text structured? ________________
14. Freezer
burn may have wasted more ice cream than sidewalks. If you don’t know, freezer
burn is when ice crystals form on the surface of ice-cream. These ice crystals
can ruin the texture and flavor of the ice cream. But you can prevent freezer
burn. Since freezer burn is caused when melted ice-cream is refrozen, rather
than eating your ice-cream from the container as it melts, scoop your ice-cream
into a bowl and put the container back in the fridge immediately. Doing this ought to help you solve your
issues with freezer burn.
How
is the text structured? ___________
15. All matter, all things can be changed in two ways:
chemically and physically. Both chemical
and physical changes affect the state of matter. Physical changes are those that do not change
the make-up or identity of the matter. For example, clay will bend or flatten
if squeezed, but it will still be clay.
Changing the shape of clay is a physical change, and does not change the
matter’s identity. Chemical changes turn
the matter into a new kind of matter with different properties. For example,
when paper is burnt, it becomes ash and will never be paper again. The difference between them is that physical
changes are temporary or only last for a little while, and chemical changes are
permanent, which means they last forever.
Physical and chemical changes both affect the state of matter.
How is the text structured? _____________
[2] Bonnie J. F. Meyer. Structure strategy
interventions: Increasing reading comprehension of expository text. (pdf file).
Page 3.
[4] Otong
Setiawan Djuharie. Extensive Reading
Top-down reading: teknik dan panduan membaca text books. (PT Yrama Widya, Bandung,
2008). Page 110.
[5] Bonnie J. F. Meyer. Structure strategy
interventions: Increasing reading comprehension of expository text. (pdf file).
Page 3.
[7] Otong
Setiawan Djuharie. Extensive Reading
Top-down reading: teknik dan panduan membaca text books. (PT Yrama Widya,
Bandung, 2008). Page 112.
[8] Bonnie J. F. Meyer. Structure strategy
interventions: Increasing reading comprehension of expository text. (pdf file).
Page 3.
[9] Otong
Setiawan Djuharie. Extensive Reading
Top-down reading: teknik dan panduan membaca text books. (PT Yrama Widya, Bandung,
2008). Page 107.
[10] Bonnie J. F. Meyer. Structure strategy
interventions: Increasing reading comprehension of expository text. (pdf file).
Page 3
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