NARRATIVE TEXT

NARRATIVE TEXT - The definition, purposes, generic structures and example of Narrative text

A. The definition of narrative text

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

B. The purpose of narrative text

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

C. Generic Structures of Narrative Text

1) Orientation

Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.

2) Complication

Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants.

3) Resolution

The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending

4) Re-orientation/Coda

This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a  moral  lesson,  advice  or  teaching  from  the writer

D. Example of Narrative TextThe Ugly Duckling

One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs would break out.

Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.

However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey.

When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson., the huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly.

However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.

The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.

He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he had never been.

Definition of Linguistics

What is Linguistics?

Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing. Linguistics is the study of these knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how is it acquired, how is it used in the production and comprehension of messages, how does it change over time? Linguists consequently are concerned with a number of particular questions about the nature of language. What properties do all human languages have in common? How do languages differ, and to what extent are the differences systematic, i.e. can we find patterns in the differences? How do children acquire such complete knowledge of a language in such a short time? What are the ways in which languages can change over time, and are there limitations to how languages change? What is the nature of the cognitive processes that come into play when we produce and understand language?

The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is divided into a number of subfields:

• Phonetics - the study of speech sounds in their physical aspects
• Phonology - the study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspects
• Morphology - the study of the formation of words
• Syntax - the study of the formation of sentences
• Semantics the study of meaning
• Pragmatics - the study of language use

Aside from language structure, other perspectives on language are represented in specialized or interdisciplinary branches:

• Historical Linguistics
• Sociolinguistics
• Psycholinguistics
• Ethnolinguistics (or Anthropological Linguistics)
• Dialectology
• Computational Linguistics
• Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics

Because language is such a central feature of being a human, Linguistics has intellectual connections and overlaps with many other disciplines in the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. Some of the closest connections are with Philosophy, Literature, Language Pedagogy, Psychology, Sociology, Physics (acoustics), Biology (anatomy, neuroscience), Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Health Sciences (Aphasia, Speech Therapy).

The main purpose of the study of Linguistics in an academic environment is the advancement of knowledge. However, because of the centrality of language in human interaction and behavior, the knowledge gained through the study of linguistics has many practical consequences and uses. Graduates of undergraduate and graduate programs in Linguistics apply their training in many diverse areas, including language pedagogy, speech pathology, speech synthesis, natural language interfaces, search engines, machine translation, forensics, naming, and of course all forms of writing, editing, and publishing. Perhaps the most widely appreciated application was contributed by UCSC Linguistics alumnus Marc Okrand, who invented the Klingon language for Star Trek.

Some basics: What is linguistics and how is it used?

What is linguistics?

Linguistics is the study of language � not just particular languages, but the system of human communication. Some of the basic issues of this field are?

• What is language? How is it organized?
• How is it analyzed? How are its units discovered and tested?
• Where is language stored and processed in the brain? How is it learned?
• What do all languages—including nonvocal systems of communication (e.g. writing and sign languages)—have in common? What do these properties show us about human cognition?
• How did language originate? What does it have in common with animal communication? How is it different?
• How many distinct families or stocks of languages are there in the 6000 or so known languages today? What original languages did they come from? How have they changed over time?
• What does dialectal and social variation show us about the use of language? How has this diversity affected issues of social, political, and educational policy?
• What is the relationship between language and culture? Language and thought?

What are some of the branches of linguistics?

applied linguistics: application to areas such as speech pathology, reading, social work, missionary work, translation, dictionary compilation, language teaching, error analysis, computer language processing.

dialectology: investigation of regional variation in language.

ethnolinguistics (anthropological linguistics): investigation of the relation between a people's language and culture.

historical (diachronic) linguistics: study of language change and evolution.

morphology: study of word formation and inflection.

neurolinguistics: research into the specific location of language in the brain.

paralinguistics: study of nonverbal (auxiliary) human communication.

philology: study of how language has been used in literature, especially in older manuscripts.

phonetics: description of how speech sounds are articulated and heard.

phonology: study of how languages organize the units of speech into systems.

pragmatics: study of the strategies people use to carry out communicative business in specific contexts.

psycholinguistics: investigation of language as cognitively-based behavior; how it is acquired and processed.

second language acquisition (SLA): study of how older learners acquire language, and of ways to improve it.

sociolinguistics: study of social variation in language: the relation between social structure and language usage, and of social issues involving language.

semantics: study of word and sentence meaning.

syntax: study of the structure of sentences and of underlying principles for generating and processing them.

How is linguistics applied?

Many students find linguistics useful because it broadens and deepens their understanding of related fields: languages and literature (English and foreign), social sciences (especially anthropology, sociology, and psychology), education, philosophy, communication... Those who obtain degrees in linguistics often proceed to careers in:

• foreign language teaching
• instructional technology
• ESL (teaching English as a second language)
• teaching and research in general linguistics (phonology, syntax...)
• translation (human and machine-assisted)
• speech pathology and audiology.

What Is Linguistics?

Center for Applied Linguistics

Linguistics is the study of language. Knowledge of linguistics, however, is different from knowledge of a language. Just as a person is able to drive a car without understanding the inner workings of the engine, so, too, can a speaker use a language without any conscious knowledge of its internal structure. Conversely, a linguist can know and understand the internal structure of a language without actually speaking it.

A linguist, then, is not an individual who speaks more than one language, more accurately called polyglot or bilingual or multilingual. Rather, a linguist is concerned with language as a human phenomenon. Linguists study grammar, the social and psychological aspects of language use, and the relationships among languages, both historical and present-day. The field of linguistics, like any complex field, includes several major divisions.

Formal Linguistics

Formal linguistics is the study of the structures and processes of language, that is, how language works and is organized. Formal linguists study the structures of different languages, and by identifying and studying the elements common among them, seek to discover the most efficient way to describe language in general. There are three main schools of thought in formal linguistics:

(1) The traditional, or prescriptive, approach to grammar is probably familiar to most of us. It is what we are usually taught in school. "A noun is a person, place, or thing" is a typical definition in a traditional grammar. Such grammars typically prescribe rules of correct or preferred usage.

(2) Structural linguistics, a principally American phenomenon of the mid-20th century, is typified by the work of Leonard Bloomfield, who drew on ideas of the behaviorist school of psychology. Structuralists are primarily concerned with phonology, morphology, and syntax (described below). They focus on the physical features of utterances with little regard for meaning or lexicon (Crystal, 1980). They divide words into form classes distinguished according to grammatical features. For example, a noun is defined in terms of its position in a sentence and its inflections, such as the -s for plural.

(3) The generative/transformational approach to the study of grammar was introduced by Noam Chomsky in 1957 in his seminal work, Syntactic Structures. Here he traced a relationship between the "deep structure" of sentences (what is in the mind) and their "surface structure" (what is spoken or written). For example, the surface structure of the sentence, "The postman was bitten by the dog," was derived from the deep structure, "The dog bit the postman," through the application of a passive transformation. From transformational/generative grammar arose the theory of Universal Grammar. This widely accepted theory starts from the perception that all languages share certain linguistic features (universals). The goal of this theory is to explain the uniformity of language acquisition among humans despite ostensible differences in their native languages. Since Chomsky's original proposals in 1957, numerous elaborations and alternative theories have been proposed.

Formal linguistics includes five principal areas of study:

Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language and their physical properties. Phonetics describes how speech sounds are produced by the vocal apparatus (the lungs, vocal cords, tongue, teeth, etc.) and provides a framework for their classification.

Phonology involves analyzing how sounds function in a given language or dialect. For example, /p/ has two possible sounds in English depending on its position in a word. If you place a sheet of paper near your mouth and pronounce the words pin and spin, the paper will vibrate after the /p/ in the first word but not after the same sound in the second word. This puff of air occurs when /p/ is in the initial position of a word in English. Phonologists examine such phonetic shifts to construct theories about linguistic sounds in one language that can be used in comparing linguistic systems. The analysis of sounds in different languages can be very useful for foreign language teachers.

Morphology is the study of the structure of words. Morphologists study minimal units of meaning, called morphemes, and investigate the possible combinations of these units in a language to form words. For example, the word "imperfections" is composed of four morphemes: im + perfect + ion + s. The root, perfect, is transformed from an adjective into a noun by the addition of ion, made negative with im, and pluralized by s.

Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences. Syntacticians describe how words combine into phrases and clauses and how these combine to form sentences. For example, "I found a coin yesterday" is embedded as a relative clause in the sentence, "The coin that I found yesterday is quite valuable." Syntacticians describe the rules for converting the first sentence into the second.

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. The goal of semantic study is to explain how sequences of language are matched with their proper meanings and placed in certain environments by speakers of the language. The importance of meaning is revealed in the following well known example from Chomsky (1957): "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." Though grammatical, this sentence is largely meaningless in ordinary usage.

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the study of language as a social and cultural phenomenon. The major divisions within the field of sociolinguistics are described below.

Language Variation describes the relationship between the use of linguistic forms and factors such as geography, social class, ethnic group, age, sex, occupation, function, or style. The combination of these various factors results in an individual's idiolect, that is, their particular and idiosyncratic manner of speech. When a variety of language is shared by a group of speakers, it is known as a dialect. A dialect, whether standard or nonstandard, includes the full range of elements used to produce speech: pronunciation, grammar, and interactive features. In this respect, dialect should be distinguished from accent, which usually refers only to pronunciation.

All speakers of a language speak a dialect of that language. For example, the speech of an Alabaman is quite different from that of a New Englander, even though the language spoken by both is English. Further differentiation is possible by investigating factors such as social class, age, sex, and occupation.

Language and Social Interaction. This is the province of language and its function in the real world. Three subfields of sociolinguistics investigate this relationship.

(1) Pragmatics looks at how context affects meaning. As a function of context, the intended meaning of an utterance is often different from its literal meaning. For example, "I'm expecting a phone call" can have a variety of meanings. It could be a request to leave the phone line free or a reason for not being able to leave the house; or it could suggest to a listener who already has background information that a specific person is about to call to convey good or bad news.

(2) Discourse analysis examines the way in which sentences relate in larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. Matters of cohesion (the relationship between linguistic forms and propositions) and coherence (the relationship between speech acts) are also investigated. The links between utterances in sequence are important topics of analysis.

(3) Ethnography of communication uses the tools of anthropology to study verbal interaction in its social setting. One example of ethnographic research is the study of doctor-patient communication. Such study involves microanalysis of doctor-patient interaction, noting not only what is said but also pauses between turns, interruptions, questioning and response patterns, changes in pitch, and nonverbal aspects of interaction, such as eye contact.

Language Attitudes. The attitudes people hold toward different language varieties and the people who speak them are important to sociolinguists. Whereas studies in language and social interaction investigate actual language interaction, language attitude studies explore how people react to language interactions and how they evaluate others based on the language behavior they observe.

Language Planning is the process of implementing major decisions regarding which languages should be used on a societal scale. Language attitude studies are an essential component of language planning. In the United States, issues such as establishing bilingual education programs or whether to declare English the official language are major language planning decisions.

It is in multilingual nations, however, that language planning is most significant. Governments must decide which of a country's many languages to develop or maintain and which to use for such functions as education, government, television, and the press. Corpus planning involves the development or simplification of writing systems, dictionaries, and grammars for indigenous languages, in addition to the coining of words to represent new concepts. In such contexts, language planning is an important factor in economic, political, and social development.

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between linguistic and psychological behavior. Psycholinguists study first and second language acquisition and how humans store and retrieve linguistic information, referred to as verbal processing.

Language Acquisition. The study of how humans acquire language begins with the study of child language acquisition. Principally, two hypotheses have been put forth. The first, deriving from the structuralist school of linguistics, holds that children learn language through imitation and positive-negative reinforcement. This is known as the behaviorist approach. The second, or innateness hypothesis, proposes that the ability to acquire language is a biologically innate capacity. Furthermore, innate language learning ability is linked to physiological maturation and may atrophy around the time of puberty. The innateness hypothesis derives from the generative/transformational school of linguistics.

Such descriptions of language acquisition are further tested in exploring how adults acquire language. It appears that most adults learn language through memorization and positive-negative reinforcement: a manifestation of the behaviorist model. Whether this is a result of the post-pubescent decay of the innate ability described above or a result of other psychological and cultural factors is a question of great interest to the psycholinguist.

Verbal Processing involves speaking, understanding, reading, and writing, and therefore includes both the production of verbal output and reception of the output of others. For example, although the sentences of a language may theoretically be infinitely long, there are constraints placed on their length, as well as on their structural characteristics, by our processing capabilities. Although we readily comprehend "The dog bit the cat that chased the mouse that ran into the hole," we have some difficulty sorting out "The mouse the cat the dog bit chased ran into the hole." Why this is so, in terms of cognition, perception, and physiology, is of major interest to the psycholinguist.

Applied Linguistics

The findings of linguistics, like the findings of any other theoretical study, can be applied to the solution of practical problems, as well as to innovations in everyday areas involving language. This is the mandate of applied linguistics. Applied linguists draw from theories of language acquisition to develop first and second language teaching methodologies and to implement successful literacy programs; they may draw from theories of sociolinguistics to develop special teaching strategies for speakers of nonstandard English. Applied linguists may also engage in language planning by developing alphabets and grammars for unwritten languages and by writing dictionaries. They are sometimes asked to be expert witnesses in legal cases involving language. Computer corporations employ applied linguists to examine speech synthesis and speech recognition by automated machines. In short, applied linguists apply the theories and tools of formal linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics in a wide variety of socially useful ways.

Iman Kepada Qadha dan Qadar

Pengertian Iman Kepada Qada dan Qadar

Kali ini kita akan membahas Pengertian Qada dan Qadar, Iman Kepada Qada dan Qadar dan Contoh Qada dan Qadar. Menurut bahasa  Qadha memiliki beberapa pengertian yaitu: hukum, ketetapan,pemerintah, kehendak, pemberitahuan, penciptaan. Menurut istilah Islam, yang dimaksud dengan Qadha adalah ketetapan Allah sejak zaman Azali sesuai dengan iradah-Nya tentang segala sesuatu yang berkenan dengan makhluk. Sedangkan Qadar arti qadar menurut bahasa adalah: kepastian, peraturan, ukuran. Adapun menurut Islam Qadar adalah perwujudan atau kenyataan ketetapan Allah terhadap semua makhluk dalam kadar dan berbentuk tertentu sesuai dengan iradah-Nya.

Allah Berfirman : yang kepunyaan-Nya-lah kerajaan langit dan bumi, dan Dia tidak mempunyai anak, dan tidak ada sekutu bagiNya dalam kekuasaan(Nya), dan dia telah menciptakan segala sesuatu, dan Dia menetapkan ukuran-ukurannya dengan serapi-rapinya. (QS .Al-Furqan ayat 2).
Untuk memperjelas pengertian qadha dan qadar, berikut ini dikemkakan Contoh Qada dan Qadar. Saat ini Abdurofi melanjutkan pelajarannya di SMK. Sebelum Abdurofi lahir, bahkan sejak zaman azali Allah telah menetapkan, bahwa seorang anak bernama Abdurofi akan melanjutkan pelajarannya di SMK. Ketetapan Allah di Zaman Azali disebut Qadha. Kenyataan bahwa saat terjadinya disebut qadar atau takdir. Dengan kata lain bahwa qadar adalah perwujudan dari qadha.
2. Hubungan antara Qadha dan Qadar
Pada uraian tentang pengertian qadha dan qadar dijelaskan bahwa antara qadha dan qadar selalu berhubungan erat . Qadha adalah ketentuan, hukum atau rencana Allah sejak zaman azali. Qadar adalah kenyataan dari ketentuan atau hukum Allah. Jadi hubungan antara qadha qadar ibarat rencana dan perbuatan.
Perbuatan Allah berupa qadar-Nya selalu sesuai dengan ketentuan-Nya. Di dalam surat Al-Hijr ayat 21 Allah berfirman, ” Dan tidak sesuatupun melainkan disisi kami-lah khazanahnya; dan Kami tidak menurunkannya melainkan dengan ukuran yang tertentu.”
Orang kadang-kadang menggunakan istilah qadha dan qadar dengan satu istilah, yaitu Qadar atau takdir. Jika ada orang terkena musibah, lalu orang tersebut mengatakan, ”sudah takdir”, maksudnya qadha dan qadar.
3.Kewajiban beriman kepada dan qadar
Diriwayatkan bahwa suatu hari Rasulullah SAW didatangi oleh seorang laki-laki yang berpakaian serba putih , rambutnya sangat hitam. Lelaki itu bertanya tentang Islam, Iman dan Ihsan. Tentang keimanan Rasulullah menjawab yang artinya: Hendaklah engkau beriman kepada Allah, malaekat-malaekat-Nya, kitab-kitab-Nya,rasul-rasulnya, hari akhir dan beriman pula kepada qadar(takdir) yang baik ataupun yang buruk. Lelaki tersebut berkata” Tuan benar”. (H.R. Muslim)
Lelaki itu adalah Malaekat Jibril yang sengaja datang untuk memberikan pelajaran agama kepada umat Nabi Muhammad SAW. Jawaban Rasulullah yang dibenarkan oleh Malaekat Jibril itu berisi rukun iman. Salah satunya dari rukun iman itu adalah iman kepada qadha dan qadar. Dengan demikian , bahwa mempercayai qadha dan qadar itu merupakan hati kita. Kita harus yakin dengan sepenuh hati bahwa segala sesuatu yang terjadi pada diri kita, baik yang menyenangkan maupun yang tidak menyenangkan adalah atas kehendak Allah.
Sebagai orang beriman, kita harus rela menerima segala ketentuan Allah atas diri kita. Di dalam sebuah hadits qudsi Allah berfirman yang artinya: ” Siapa yang tidak ridha dengan qadha-Ku dan qadar-Ku dan tidak sabar terhadap bencana-Ku yang aku timpakan atasnya, maka hendaklah mencari Tuhan selain Aku. (H.R.Tabrani)
Takdir Allah merupakan iradah (kehendak) Allah. Oleh sebab itu takdir tidak selalu sesuai dengan keinginan kita. Tatkala takdir atas diri kita sesuai dengan keinginan kita, hendaklah kita beresyukur karena hal itu merupakan nikmat yang diberikan Allah kepada kita. Ketika takdir yang kita alami tidak menyenangkan atau merupakan musibah, maka hendaklah kita terima dengan sabar dan ikhlas. Kita harus yakin, bahwa di balik musibah itu ada hikmah yang terkadang kita belum mengetahuinya. Allah Maha Mengetahui atas apa yang diperbuatnya.
4.Hubungan antara qadha dan qadar dengan ikhtiar
Iman kepada qadha dan qadar artinya percaya dan yakin dengan sepenuh hati bahwa Allah SWT telah menentukan tentang segala sesuatu bagi makhluknya. Berkaitan dengan qadha dan qadar, Rasulullah SAW bersabda yang artinya sebagai berikut yang artinya
”Sesungguhnya seseorang itu diciptakan dalam perut ibunya selama 40 hari dalam bentuk nuthfah, 40 hari menjadi segumpal darah, 40 hari menjadi segumpal daging, kemudian Allah mengutus malaekat untuk meniupkan ruh ke dalamnya dan menuliskan empat ketentuan, yaitu tentang rezekinya, ajalnya, amal perbuatannya, dan (jalan hidupny) sengsara atau bahagia.” (HR.Bukhari dan Muslim dari Abdullah bin Mas’ud).
Dari hadits di atas dapat kita ketahui bahwa nasib manusia telah ditentukan Allah sejak sebelum ia dilahirkan. Walaupun setiap manusia telah ditentukan nasibnya, tidak berarti bahwa manusia hanya tinggal diam menunggu nasib tanpa berusaha dan ikhtiar. Manusia tetap berkewajiban untuk berusaha, sebab keberhasilan tidak datang dengan sendirinya.
Janganlah sekali-kali menjadikan takdir itu sebagai alasan untuk malas berusaha dan berbuat kejahatan. Pernah terjadi pada zaman Khalifah Umar bin Khattab, seorang pencuri tertangkap dan dibawa kehadapan Khalifah Umar. ” Mengapa engkau mencuri?” tanya Khalifah. Pencuri itu menjawab, ”Memang Allah sudah mentakdirkan saya menjadi pencuri.”
Mendengar jawaban demikian, Khalifah Umar marah, lalu berkata, ” Pukul saja orang ini dengan cemeti, setelah itu potonglah tangannya!.” Orang-orang yang ada disitu bertanya, ” Mengapa hukumnya diberatkan seperti itu?”Khalifah Umar menjawab, ”Ya, itulah yang setimpal. Ia wajib dipotong tangannya sebab mencuri dan wajib dipukul karena berdusta atas nama Allah”.
Mengenai adanya kewajiban berikhtiar , ditegaskan dalam sebuah kisah. Pada zaman nabi Muhammad SAW pernah terjadi bahwa seorang Arab Badui datang menghadap nabi. Orang itu datang dengan menunggang kuda. Setelah sampai, ia turun dari kudanya dan langsung menghadap nabi, tanpa terlebih dahulu mengikat kudanya. Nabi menegur orang itu, ”Kenapa kuda itu tidak engkau ikat?.” Orang Arab Badui itu menjawab, ”Biarlah, saya bertawakkal kepada Allah”. Nabi pun bersabda, ”Ikatlah kudamu, setelah itu bertawakkalah kepada Allah”.
Dari kisah tersebut jelaslah bahwa walaupun Allah telah menentukan segala sesuatu, namun manusia tetap berkewajiban untuk berikhtiar. Kita tidak mengetahui apa-apa yang akan terjadi pada diri kita, oleh sebab itu kita harus berikhtiar. Jika ingin pandai, hendaklah belajar dengan tekun. Jika ingin kaya, bekerjalah dengan rajin setelah itu berdo’a. Dengan berdo’a kita kembalikan segala urusan kepada Allah kita kepada Allah SWT. Dengan demikian apapun yang terjadi kita dapat menerimanya dengan ridha dan ikhlas.
Mengenai hubungan antara qadha dan qadar dengan ikhtiar ini, para ulama berpendapat, bahwa takdir itu ada dua macam :
1.Takdir mua’llaq: yaitu takdir yang erat kaitannya dengan ikhtiar manusia. Contoh seorang siswa bercita-cita ingin menjadi insinyur pertanian. Untuk mencapai cita-citanya itu ia belajar dengan tekun. Akhirnya apa yang ia cita-citakan menjadi kenyataan. Ia menjadi insinyur pertanian. Dalam hal ini Allah berfirman “Bagi manusia ada malaikat-malaikat yang selalu mengikutinya bergiliran, di muka dan di belakangnya, mereka menjaganya atas perintah Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak merobah keadaan sesuatu kaum sehingga mereka merobah keadaan yang ada pada diri mereka sendiri. Dan apabila Allah menghendaki keburukan terhadap sesuatu kaum, maka tak ada yang dapat menolaknya; dan sekali-kali tak ada pelindung bagi mereka selain Dia. ( Q.S Ar-Ra’d ayat 11)
2.Takdir mubram; yaitu takdir yang terjadi pada diri manusia dan tidak dapat diusahakan atau tidak dapat di tawar-tawar lagi oleh manusia. Contoh. Ada orang yang dilahirkan dengan mata sipit , atau dilahirkan dengan kulit hitam sedangkan ibu dan bapaknya kulit putih dan sebagainya.
B. Hikmah Beriman kepada Qada dan qadar
Dengan beriman kepada qadha dan qadar, banyak hikmah yang amat berharga bagi kita dalam menjalani kehidupan dunia dan mempersiapkan diri untuk kehidupan akhirat. Hikmah tersebut antara lain:
1.Melatih diri untuk banyak bersyukur dan bersabar
Orang yang beriman kepada qadha dan qadar, apabila mendapat keberuntungan, maka ia akan bersyukur, karena keberuntungan itu merupakan nikmat Allah yang harus disyukuri. Sebaliknya apabila terkena musibah maka ia akan sabar, karena hal tersebut merupakan ujian
Allah Berfirman ”dan apa saja nikmat yang ada pada kamu, maka dari Allah( datangnya), dan bila ditimpa oleh kemudratan, maka hanya kepada-Nya lah kamu meminta pertolongan. ”( QS. An-Nahl ayat 53).
2.Menjauhkan diri dari sifat sombong dan putus asa
Orang yang tidak beriman kepada qadha dan qadar, apabila memperoleh keberhasilan, ia menganggap keberhasilan itu adalah semata-mata karena hasil usahanya sendiri. Ia pun merasa dirinya hebat. Apabila ia mengalami kegagalan, ia mudah berkeluh kesah dan berputus asa , karena ia menyadari bahwa kegagalan itu sebenarnya adalah ketentuan Allah.
Allah Berfirman “Hai anak-anakku, pergilah kamu, maka carilah berita tentang Yusuf dan saudaranya dan jangan kamu berputus asa dari rahmat Allah. Sesungguhnya tiada berputus asa dari rahmat Allah, melainkan kaum yang kafir. (QS.Yusuf ayat 87)
Sabda Rasulullah: yang artinya” Tidak akan masuk sorga orang yang didalam hatinya ada sebiji sawi dari sifat kesombongan.”( HR. Muslim)
3.Memupuk sifat optimis dan giat bekerja
Manusia tidak mengetahui takdir apa yang terjadi pada dirinya. Semua orang tentu menginginkan bernasib baik dan beruntung. Keberuntungan itu tidak datang begitu saja, tetapi harus diusahakan. Oleh sebab itu, orang yang beriman kepada qadha dan qadar senantiasa optimis dan giat bekerja untuk meraih kebahagiaan dan keberhasilan itu.
Allah Berfirman “Dan carilah pada apa yang telah dianugerahkan Allah kepadamu (kebahagiaan) negeri akhirat, dan janganlah kamu melupakan bahagianmu dari (kenikmatan) duniawi dan berbuat baiklah (kepada orang lain) sebagaimana Allah telah berbuat baik, kepadamu, dan janganlah kamu berbuat kerusakan di (muka) bumi. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang yang berbuat kerusakan. (QS Al- Qashas ayat 77)
4.Menenangkan jiwa
Orang yang beriman kepada qadha dan qadar senangtiasa mengalami ketenangan jiwa dalam hidupnya, sebab ia selalu merasa senang dengan apa yang ditentukan Allah kepadanya. Jika beruntung atau berhasil, ia bersyukur. Jika terkena musibah atau gagal, ia bersabar dan berusaha lagi.
Allah Berfirman “Hai jiwa yang tenang. Kembalilah kepada Tuhanmu dengan hati yang tenang lagi diridhai-Nya. Maka masuklah kedalam jamaah hamba-hamba-Ku, dan masuklah kedalam sorga-Ku.( QS. Al-Fajr ayat 27-30)